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The Napier Deltic engine is a British opposed-piston, valveless (ported), supercharged, uniflow scavenged, two-stroke cycle Diesel engine used in marine and locomotive applications, designed and produced by D. Napier & Son, Ltd. (Chief Engineer: Ernest Edward Chatterton). The cylinders were divided in three blocks in a triangular arrangement, the blocks forming sides with crankshafts located in each apex of the triangle.
The term Deltic (meaning in the form of the Greek letter Delta) is used to refer to both the Deltic E.130 opposed-piston high-speed Diesel engine and the locomotives produced by English Electric using these engines, including its demonstrator locomotive named DELTIC and the production version for British Railways, which designated these as (TOPS) Class 55.
History
The Deltic story began in 1943 when the British Admiralty set up a committee to develop a high-power, lightweight Diesel engine for Motor Torpedo Boats. Hitherto in the Royal Navy, such boats had been driven by petrol engines, but this fuel is highly flammable, making them vulnerable to fire, and at a disadvantage compared with the German Diesel-powered E-boats.
Until this time, Diesel engines had poor power-to-weight ratio and low speed. Before the war, Napier had been working on an aviation Diesel design known as the Culverin after licensing versions of the Junkers Jumo 204. The Culverin was an opposed-piston two-stroke design. Instead of each cylinder having a single piston and being closed at one end with a cylinder head, the Jumo-based design used an elongated cylinder containing two pistons moving in opposite directions towards the centre. This negates the need for a heavy cylinder head, as the opposing piston filled this role. On the downside, the layout required separate crankshafts on each end of the engine that must be coupled through gearing or shafts. The primary advantages of the design were uniflow breathing and a rather “flat” engine, originally intended to be buried in the wings of large aircraft.
The Admiralty required a much more powerful engine, and knew about Junkers’ designs for multi-crankshaft engines of straight six and diamond-form. The Admiralty felt that these would be a reasonable starting point for the larger design which it required. The result was a triangle, the cylinder banks forming the sides, and tipped by three crankshafts, one at each apex. The crankshafts were connected with phasing gears to drive one output shaft. In this arrangement, there were six banks of pistons driving three crankshafts, the same as three separate V-engines of the same overall size. Various models of Deltic engine could be produced with varying numbers of cylinders, though nine and eighteen cylinders were the most common, having three and six cylinders per bank respectively. In 1946, the Admiralty placed a contract with the English Electric Company, parent of Napier, to develop this engine.
One feature of the engine was the way that crankshaft-phasing was arranged to allow for exhaust port lead and inlet port lag. These engines are called “uniflow” designs, because the flow of gas into and out of the cylinder is one way, assisted by blowers to improve cylinder exhaust scavenging. The inlet/outlet port order is In/Out/In/Out/In/Out going around the triangular ring (i.e. the inlet and outlet manifold arrangements have C3 rotational symmetry).
Earlier attempts at designing such an engine met with the difficulty of arranging the pistons to move in the correct manner, for all three cylinders in one delta, and this was the problem which caused Junkers Motorenbau to leave behind work on the delta-form while continuing to prototype a diamond-form four-crankshaft 24-cylinder Junkers Jumo 223. Mr. Herbert Penwarden, a senior draughtsman with the Admiralty Engineering Laboratory, suggested that one crankshaft needed to revolve anti-clockwise to achieve the correct piston-phasing, so Napier designers produced the necessary gearing in order that one of them rotated in the opposite direction to the other two.
Being an opposed-piston design with no inlet or exhaust valves, and no ability to vary the port positions, the Deltic design arranged each crankshaft to connect two adjacent pistons operating in different cylinders in the same plane, using “fork and blade” connecting rods, the latter an “inlet” piston used to open and close the inlet port, and the former an “exhaust” piston in the adjacent cylinder to open and close the exhaust port. This would have led the firing in each bank of cylinders to be 60 degrees apart. However, it was decided to arrange that each cylinder’s exhaust piston would lead its inlet piston by 20 degrees of crankshaft rotation. This allowed the exhaust port to be opened well before the inlet port, and allowed the inlet port to be closed after the exhaust port, which led to both good scavenging of exhaust gas, and good volumetric efficiency for the fresh air charge. This required the firing events for adjacent cylinders to be 40 degrees apart. For the 18 cylinder design, it was possible for firing events to be interlaced over all six banks. This led to the even, buzzing exhaust note of the Deltic, with a charge ignition every 20 degrees of crankshaft revolution, and a lack of torsional vibration, ideal for use in mine-hunting vessels. It should be noted that the 9 cylinder design, having three banks of cylinders, has its crankshafts rotating in the opposite direction. The exhaust lead of 20 degrees is added to the 60 degrees between banks giving firing events for adjacent cylinders in the same bank 80 degrees apart. By interlacing firing events over all three banks of cylinders, this still leads to an even buzzing exhaust note, charge ignition occurring every 40 degrees of crankshaft revolution with consequent reduction of torsional vibration.
Although the engine was cylinder-ported and required no poppet valves, each bank had a camshaft, driven at crankshaft speed. This was used solely to drive the fuel injection pumps, each cylinder having its own injector and pump, driven by its own cam lobe.
Napier Deltic engine (cutaway view) at the National Railway Museum, York, UK
Naval service
The Deltic-powered Hunt class Mine Countermeasures Vessel HMS Ledbury
Development began in 1947 and the first Deltic unit was produced in 1950. By January 1952 six engines were available, enough for full development and endurance trials. S212, a captured ex-German E-Boat powered by three Mercedes-Benz Diesel engines, was selected for these trials, since its power units were of approximately equal power to the new 18-cylinder Deltic engines. Two of the three Mercedes-Benz engines were replaced with Napier Deltics, the compactness of the Deltic being graphically illustrated: they were half the size of the original engines. The Deltic weighed one fifth of its contemporaries of equivalent power.
Proving successful, Deltic Diesel engines became a common power plant in small and fast naval craft. The Royal Navy used them first in the Dark class fast attack craft. Subsequently they were used in a number of other smaller attack craft. Being largely of aluminium construction, their low magnetic signature allowed their use in mine countermeasures vessels and the Deltic was selected to power the Ton class minesweeper. The Deltic engine is still in service in the Hunt class. These versions are de-rated to reduce engine stress.
Deltic Diesels served in MTBs and PT boats built for other navies. Particularly notable was the Norwegian Tjeld or Nasty class, which was also sold to Germany, Greece, and the United States Navy. Nasty class boats served in the Vietnam War, largely for covert operations.
Smaller nine-cylinder Deltic 9 engines were used as marine engines, notably by minesweepers. The Ton class vessels were powered by a pair of Deltic 18s and used an additional Deltic 9 for power generation for their magnetic influence sweep. The Hunt class used three Deltic 9s, two for propulsion and again one for power generation, but this time with a hydraulic pump integrated as well to power bow-thrusters for slow-speed maneuvering.
More from Wikipedia.
Another Animation of Deltic at www.wis.co.uk.
And Another Animation of Deltic at automobies.com.
One more at perrasmotornostalgi.blogspot.com.
Book: Napier Way by Bryan Boyle.
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Specifications For Napier Deltic
2-Stroke Cycle Diesel Marine Engines
(1946-1962?)
TABLE KEY:
BASE ENGINE: Manufacturer/Vendor & Model of Base Engine followed by Specifications.
CYL: Cylinder Configuration – (Dash w/no spaces) Number of Cylinders:
^ Cylinder Configuration: …Δ… = Delta.
BORE & STROKE: …mm = Millimeters. …in = …” = Inches.
DISPLACEMENT = Swept Volume: …cc = Cubic Centimeters (cm³). …L = Liters. …ci = Cubic Inches (in³).
MODEL RATINGS: Base Engine Model, Duty Ratings, Power Ratings, etc.
A-F: Aspiration-Fueling: N = Naturally Aspirated. …b = w/Blower.
^ Diesel Fueled: M = Mechanical Injection. …i = I = Integral Injector.
DR = Duty Ratings: See the Engine Duty Ratings at the end of the Table.
POWER: kW = Kilowatts. HP = Horsepower. BHP = Brake Horsepower. MHP = Metric Horsepower.
RPM = Power Ratings @ Revolutions Per Minute.
YEARS: Beginning-Ending. Trailing “–” (Dash) without an Ending Date = Still in Production/Available.
DS = Data Source: Click DS Links to view DS. See Documentation Section for Data Source Descriptions.
^ ⊗ = Data Not Available from Data Source. ¿… = …? = Data in Question/Unconfirmed.
^ …bd = BD = BoatDiesel.com. W = Wik = Wikipedia. M = Manufacturer.
^ …d = Directory. …w = Webpage. …y = Years Mfr’d History. …c = Catalog. …b = Brochure. …s = SpecSheet.
^ …o = Owner’s/Operator’s Manual. …m = Service/Repair/Technical/Workshop/Shop Manual.
^ …p = Parts Catalog. …h = History. …f = Forum. …1,2,3,A,B,C,etc = Source #, Version, Revision.
HOW TO READ THIS TABLE
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Keep in mind that Data can be inaccurate in the source material and sometimes, the source material may be illegible. We try to obtain the best source material available and we make corrections to the tables when needed. If you wish to point out an error or you can help us obtain good source materials, please let us know via email To: Editor♥EverythingAboutBoats.org (Replace "♥" with "@")
| BASE ENGINE: | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NAPIER | CYL | BORE | STROKE | DISPLACEMENT |
| Deltec D9-? | Δ-9 | ⊗mm / ⊗in | ⊗mm / ⊗in | ⊗cc / ⊗L / ⊗ci |
| MODEL RATINGS: | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NAPIER | A-F | DR | kW | BHP | MHP | RPM | YEARS | DS |
| Deltec D9-? | Ab-Mi | ⊗ | ⊗ | ⊗ | ⊗ | ⊗ | ⊗-⊗ | W |
NOTES:
| BASE ENGINE: | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NAPIER | CYL | BORE | STROKE | DISPLACEMENT |
| Deltec D18-25B? | Δ-18 | ⊗mm / 5.125in | ⊗mm / 2×7.25in | ⊗cc / ⊗L / 5‚384ci |
| MODEL RATINGS: | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NAPIER | A-F | DR | kW | BHP | MHP | RPM | YEARS | DS |
| Deltic D18-11B? | Ab-Mi | C | 1398 | 1875 | ⊗ | 1875 | ⊗-⊗ | W |
| Deltic D18-11B? | Ab-Mi | M | 1900 | 2500 | ⊗ | 2000 | ⊗-⊗ | W |
| Deltic D18-25B? | Ab-Mi | C | ⊗ | 1875 | ⊗ | 1875 | ⊗-⊗ | Ptf2 |
| Deltic D18-25B? | Ab-Mi | M | ⊗ | 2500 | ⊗ | 2000 | ⊗-⊗ | Ptf2 |
| Deltic D18-? | Ab-Mi | ⊗ | ⊗ | 3100 | ⊗ | 2100 | ⊗-⊗ | Ptfp |
NOTES:
More From www.ptfnasty.com
If you can help us add information, specifications, data sources, etc. that we
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Napier
Engine Duty Ratings
Locomotive:
ΞDutyΞRatingΞ
Marine:
C = Continuous (1000 Hour Life)
M = Maximum (Intermittent 15-minute rating)
Product Documentation
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⇒ Directory Under Development ⇐
| DOCUMENTATION TYPE: | |
| DOCUMENT TITLE – Products (Notes) — Creator – Source | DS |
| Catalogs: | ↓c↓ |
| ΞVendorΞ Catalog – ΞProductsΞ (ΞNotesΞ) — ΞCreatorΞ – ΞSourceΞ | –c– |
| Brochures: | ↓b↓ |
| ΞVendorΞ Brochure – ΞProductsΞ (ΞNotesΞ) — ΞCreatorΞ – ΞSourceΞ | –b– |
| Ads: (Print Advertisements) | ↓a↓ |
| ΞVendorΞ Ad - ΞProductsΞ (ΞNotesΞ) — ΞCreatorΞ – ΞSourceΞ | –a– |
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| See SpecSheets (above) | |
| ΞVendorΞ Chart/Graph – ΞProductsΞ (ΞNotesΞ) — ΞCreatorΞ – ΞSourceΞ | –g– |
| Pictures: | ↓x↓ |
| ΞVendorΞ Picture (V |
–x– |
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| ΞVendorΞ Parts Bulletin – ΞProductsΞ (ΞNotesΞ) — ΞCreatorΞ – ΞSourceΞ | –pb– |
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| Wiring Diagrams: | ↓w↓ |
| See Shop Manuals (above) | |
| ΞVendorΞ Wiring Diagram – ΞProductsΞ (ΞNotesΞ) — ΞCreatorΞ – ΞSourceΞ | –w– |
| TechVids: (Technical Videos: Service Training‚+) | ↓v↓ |
| ΞVendorΞ TechVids – ΞProductsΞ (ΞNotesΞ) — ΞCreatorΞ – ΞSourceΞ | –v– |
| Service Bulletins: (by Date: YYMMDD) | ↓sb↓ |
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| Safety Data Sheets: (Material SDS‚ Pathogen SDS‚+) | ↓sd↓ |
| ΞVendorΞ SDA – ΞProductsΞ (ΞNotesΞ) — ΞCreatorΞ – ΞSourceΞ | –sd– |
| Product Recalls: | ↓r↓ |
| ΞVendorΞ Recall – ΞProductsΞ (ΞNotesΞ) — ΞCreatorΞ – ΞSourceΞ | –r– |
| Other Documentation: | ↓?↓ |
| ΞVendorΞ ? – ΞProductsΞ (ΞNotesΞ) — ΞCreatorΞ – ΞSourceΞ | –?– |
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(On some smart phones, the Right Sidebar may appear at the bottom of the webpage)
— Topics of Webpages —
Website Pages are categorized under the following 16 MAIN TOPICS:
The MAIN TOPICS follow a natural progression from conception of the vessel thru its
building, marketing, survey, financing, insuring, transport, moorage, use and upkeep.
The MAIN TOPICS (all Caps) below are followed by their Main Subtopics with Links.
00 – HOME: CONTENTS, ABOUT EAB: Contact EAB, Abbreviations & Symbols, FAQ, GLOSSARY, ADs,+.
01 – ABOUT BOATS w/Museum Directory: Early History, Recent History, Modern Vessel Types,+.
02 – BOAT BUILDING, OUTFITTING, REFITTING & REPAIR: Materials, Equipment, Builders,+.
03 – BOAT MARKETING: Boat Shows, Dealers & Brokers, Importing & Exporting, Auctions & Sales,+.
04 – BOAT INSPECTION: Types of Marine Surveys, Marine Surveyors, Schools, DIY Inspections,+.
05 – BOAT TITLES & VESSEL REGISTRY: Boat Title & Registration, Vessel Registry, Title Co's,+.
06 – BOAT FINANCING: Conventional (Banks, Credit Unions,+), Unconventional (Creative),+.
07 – BOAT INSURANCE: Maritime & Recreational: Coverage, Carriers, Agents,+., Claim Processing,+.
08 – BOAT TRANSPORT: By Sea (Piggyback, Delivery Skippers & Crews, & Towing), Over-Land,+.
09 – BOAT HAULING & LAUNCHING: Drydocks, Ways, Lifts, Cranes & Hoists, Launch Ramps,+.
10 – BOAT MOORAGE & STORAGE: Builders, Anchorages, Marinas, Yards, Racks & Stacks,+.
11 – BOATING ORGANIZATIONS: Yacht Clubs & Sailing Clubs, Paddling Clubs, Boat Owners,+.
12 – BOATING & TRAVEL: Events, Destinations, Boat Rentals & Charters, Cruises, Voyages,+.
13 – BOATING & MARITIME EDUCATION: Recreational Seamanship, Ship's Master & Crew,+.
14 – MARINE LAWS & REGULATIONS: International & National Laws‚ Lawyers‚ Investigators‚+.
15 – DO-IT-YOURSELF: DIY Boat Building & Repair, DIY Boat Sales, DIY Boat Surveys, DIY Classes,+.
16 – MEDIA w/Creator Directory + Academy eLibrary: pDocs, Books, Magazines, Videos, Websites,+.
The above MAIN TOPICS and a more detailed listing of Subtopics
can be found on the Website Contents page and on the Right Sidebar.
An Alphabetical Index of the website can be accessed at Website Index.
What we have accomplished so far.
Anchors Aweigh Academy and its EverythingAboutBoats.org website.
- Published over 50,000 website pages about boats and boating, bringing us closer to reaching our goal of becoming "The ultimate reference resource about boats and ships for everyone from the beginning recreational boater to the seasoned professional mariner!"
- Published over 300 website main topic webpages, many with full articles on the topic. See our Website Contents or the Right Sidebar for the listing of the main topic pages.
- Published over 9,000 marine vendor webpages, all with their contact information, most with a description of their products and services, many with product documentation, specifications and independent reviews. (incl.: Boat designers, boat building tools, material and equipment manufacturers and suppliers, boat builders and dealers, yacht brokers, marine surveyors, boat insurers, boat transporters, skippers and crews, boatyards and marinas, yacht clubs, boat rentals and yacht charters, boating, seamanship and maritime schools, marine law attorneys and expert witnesses, boat refitters and repairers, book authors, magazine publishers, video producers, and website creators)
- Acquired over 120,000 pages of product documentation including Catalogs, Brochures, SpecSheets, Pictures, Serial Number Guides, Installation Manuals, OpManuals, Parts Catalogs, Parts Bulletins, Shop Manuals, Wiring Diagrams, Service Bulletins, and Recalls. And have made all viewable to Academy Members through our EAB website eLibrary.
- Acquired over 1,200 books and magazine back issues in our academy library and so far have made over 700 viewable to Academy Members through our EAB website eLibrary.
- Published over 500 DIY How-To articles about boat design, construction, inspection, operation, maintenance, troubleshooting and repair. We are working hard to do more.
We are currently formatting and polishing the Anchors Aweigh Academy online and hands-on courses. Our Marine Surveying course has proven to be excellent for both the beginner and the seasoned surveyor, and especially helpful to the Do-It-Yourselfer.
Current Academy Members must SIGN IN to gain FULL access to this
website including expanded pages and valuable Academy programs
like our Academy eLibrary and our Ask-An-Expert Program!
If your membership has expired, CLICK HERE to Renew.
IF YOU ARE NOT YET AN ANCHORS AWEIGH ACADEMY MEMBER,
CLICK HERE to discover how you can become a Member and gain FULL access to
thousands of expanded pages and articles, and dozens of excellent programs
WITH JUST A SMALL DONATION!
Comments for Public Viewing
Submit any comments for public viewing via email To: Comments♥EverthingAboutBoats.org (Replace "♥" with "@")
Please remember to put this webpage's title in the subject line of your email.
All comments are moderated before they appear on this page. See Comment Rules.
General Comments About the Website
FROM Donald: "This is an awesome website. I found the information that I needed right away from one of the over 20,000 free articles that you provide as a public service. I'm surprised that so much if this site is free. But I still signed up so I could access the thousands of expanded pages, interesting articles, and dozens of valuable programs! The member's library of books, magazines and videos that I can view online is really terrific! I understand that you and your staff are all unpaid volunteers. Please keep up the good work. And I commend you for your plans to add another 10,000 free informative articles over the next year. I'm thrilled to support you in this endeavor with my small membership donation. Thanks again for all your hard work."
FROM Huey: "I agree with my Uncle, I too have found the articles to be very enlightening. They say that it will take about 100,000 articles to cover the full scope that they have envisioned for the website. They have over 20,000 articles so far and that's doing pretty well, but it could take several years to get the rest. I also noticed that many of the Main Topic Pages and some of the article pages are still in the rough draft stage. I guess that they will fill in as they can get volunteers to work on them. But what I can't figure out is why anyone would spend the time writing informative in depth articles just to give away free to this website for publication? What's in it for them?"
FROM Dewey: "Well Huey, to me It looks like most of the articles on this website are written by very informed people, like boating instructors, boat designers, boat builders, riggers, electricians, fitters, marine repair technicians and marine surveyors. Writing such articles helps establish them as knowledgeable professionals. After all, this website was originally created by a school for marine technicians and marine surveyors. The website is growing in content every day. They even had to move to a bigger, more powerful server because the website's traffic has been growing exponentially."
FROM Louie: "I agree with everyone above. This site is quickly becoming the ultimate reference resource about every aspect of boats and ships for everyone from the beginning recreational boater to the seasoned professional mariner. I use the topic pages on the right sidebar to browse around the website. It's like a Junior Woodchucks' Guidebook for Boaters. Their Members' Library of over 300 popular and obscure books and over 200 magazine back issues that can be viewed online is fabulous. The Academy's magazine is especially informative. On top of that, there is the "Ask-An-Expert program for members where you can get an expert's answer to any of your boat questions. And a whole years membership is only $25. What a deal! I really love being part of this "Everything About Boats" community and help provide thousands of helpful articles free to the public. I think that I'll sit down right now and write an article about my experiences boating with my uncle."
FROM Scrooge: "You rave about this website like it was the best thing since sliced bread. Well, I think it stinks. Sure, it has a lot of good information for boaters, and they're adding more every day, but it will probably never be finished. Furthermore, I don't even own a boat. And I wouldn't have a boat even if someone gave me one. Boats are a waste of money and time and energy and money! They're just a hole in the water you pour money into. If you gave me a boat, I'd sell it quicker then you could say Baggywrinkle. Then I'd lock up the cash with all my other money so I could keep my eye on it and count it every day. Bah humbug."
FROM Daisy: "I'm just so glad that Donald got the boat so we and the boys could enjoy boating — together. And of course all of the girls, April, May, and June, love to be on the water too, especially when that is where the boys are. Oh poor Scrooge, boating is more fun then you could possibly imagine."
FROM Scrooge: "After seeing how much fun you all have on the water together, I regret that I didn't have that much fun when I was young. I've had a change of heart, and I'm giving each of you a Lifetime Academy Membership."
FROM Editor: "For those of you that have stayed with us this far, many thanks, and we hope that you found this little narrative informative. Your faithful support inspires us to keep working on this phenomenal website. We know that we have a lot more to do. Ultimately, we hope that we can help you enjoy the wonder filled world of boating as much as we do. We are all waiting to see what you have to say about this webpage article. Submit any comments via email To: Comments♥EverythingAboutBoats.org (Replace "♥" with "@"). Be sure to include this page's title in the subject line. Also, your corrections, updates, additions and suggestions are welcomed. Please submit them via email To: Editor♥EverythingAboutBoats.org (Replace "♥" with "@"). It has been truly amazing to see what we have been able to accomplished when we've worked together. Thanks to all those that have donated their valuable time and energy, and a special THANK YOU to all that have supported this cause with their membership donations."
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